Social Cost Comparison Among Fuel Cell Vehicle Alternatives (cont.)

• Annualized cost of the fleet: Initial costs of vehicle technologies and different lifetimes expected for each.
• Maintenance costs: Takes into account that less complex technologies are easier and cheaper to maintain.
• Fuel costs: Different vehicle technologies have different fuel efficiencies. The use of different fuels has widely varying impacts on the social cost calculation.

• Air pollution damages: Different pollutant emissions may cause different effects on human health, crops, materials and visibility. This study assesses the cost of human health damage related to criteria pollutants in urban areas. Due to the huge uncertainty over global warming damage, CO2 emissions are presented in this study, but are not included in the calculation.
• Other emission damages: Water, land and noise pollution are not considered despite marked differences between the technologies. As an example of noise pollution, think of the audible difference between the sound produced from an electrical motor and an internal combustion engine.
• Variations related to petroleum use: Military expenditures on the Persian-Gulf, Strategic Petroleum Reserve, interrelationships with other sectors, etc., are not considered in this study.
• Supervision: Government expenditures for the regulatory control and enforcement of air emissions are not considered in this study.
• Personal time: This study does not consider the personal time spent on vehicle maintenance due to reduced maintenance requirements of some technologies, and also the personal time spent on refueling that can vary from a few seconds to many minutes.